The chronological history of the Negro in America by Bergman Peter M. cn;Bergman Mort N. & Bergman Mort N

Author:Bergman, Peter M. cn;Bergman, Mort N. & Bergman, Mort N.
Language: eng
Format: epub
Tags: Afro-Americans
Publisher: New York, Harper & Row
Published: 1969-03-15T00:00:00+00:00

Negro Income

Negroes

Whites

lower by

New York City

$980

$1,930

49.2%

Chicago

726

1,687

56.9%

Columbus, Ohio

831

1,622

48.% 7

Atlanta, Ga.

632

1,876

66.3%

Columbia, S.C.

576

1,876

69.3%

Mobile, Ala.

481

1,419

66.1%

The 3,500,000 N

egro families i

eceiving relief represented

1935 469

21.5% of the total Negro population. Of the white population12.8% were on relief.

Georgia, West Virginia, South Carolina, Florida, Kentucky,Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana hadhigher white rural relief rates than Negroes. Southern reliefadministrators disbursed funds more easily to whites thanNegroes. In addition, Southern Negroes on relief in ruralareas received from $2 to $6 less per month than whites.

The average size of a Negro-operated farm in the Southwas 44 acres, compared to 131 acres for white-operatedfarms.

In the urban North approximately 50% of Negro familieswere on relief (3 to 4 times more than whites). In ninecities in the urban South 25% of Negro families and 11% ofwhite families were on relief. More whites with an incomebelow $500 were on relief than Negroes.

In urban areas Negro relief grants were smaller than whiterelief grants. The average for Negroes was $24.18, and forwhites, $29.05.

Of relief cases who found employment, 8.8% of theNegroes received less in wages than they did on relief, whileonly 2.7% of the whites did.

The Social Security Act indirectly discriminated againstNegroes by its exclusion of agricultural and domestic workers.Also, the sums received for old-age assistance were generallylower for Negroes than for whites.

Negro semi-skilled, skilled, clerical and professional work-ers had greater difficulty than white workers in gaining em-ployment with the Work Projects Administration (WPA).This was demonstrated by percentages of skilled heads offamilies on relief in three representative states: Virginia:Negroesi25.7%, whites 43.3%; North Carolina: Negroes19%, wfiites 42.9%; Mississippi: 11%, whites 35.4%. Inthese same states the percentages of skilled employed byWPA respectively were: Negroes: 9.3%, 9.4%, and 5.7%;whites, 27.2%, 28.8%, and 36.5%.

The Negro enrollment in the CCC was only 6.1% of thetotal enrollment, although Negroes constituted 10% of thepopulation. There were 265 camps for Negro youths.

In its August issue, Crisis reported to Negroes "that the

470 1935

powers that be in the Roosevelt Administration have nothingfor them." In the October issue Walter White said, "TheAttorney General continues his offensive against crime exceptcrimes involving the privation of life and liberty to Negroes."

Senators Wagner of New York and Costigan of Coloradoreintroduced an NAACP-drafted Federal anti-lynching bill.A filibuster killed this bill. Negroes were lynched at the rateof one every three weeks in this year.

The NAACP withdrew its support from Roosevelt whenhe refused to give his practical support to their anti-lynchingbill, and because no civil rights legislation had been proposedin his term. The 26th annual convention of the NAACPmet in St. Louis, and asked Harry L. Hopkins, Federal Emer-gency Relief administrator, to appoint a Negro as deputyadministrator in every state with a large Negro population.

When the AFL convention refused to unionize unskilledlabor, the CIO was organized. From the beginning race wasrelatively unimportant and the CIO created interracial unionsin steel, automobile, rubber and packinghouse plants andfactories. The generally integrated United Mine Workers wasparticularly instrumental in the maintenance of nondiscrim-inatory unionization.

The National Council of Negro Women was established inNew York City. Mary McLeod Bethune served as its firstpresident.

The National Association of Negro Business and Profes-sional Women's Clubs was founded.

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